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Every sound, one alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet gives each sound exactly one symbol. Learn the 187 below once and you can read the pronunciation of any word in any of the 16 languages here — and see which sounds you already own from a language you speak. Click a symbol to see how each language spells it.

Per-language views (spelling → sound rules, with a word tracer): English · French · Spanish · Portuguese · German · Italian · Georgian · Russian · Hindi · Mandarin Chinese · Cantonese · Vietnamese · Korean · Japanese · Malay · Turkish

Tones

Two of the languages here use pitch as spelling, not expression. Cantonese has six pitch shapes (and a traditional count of nine — the extra three are the same pitches on syllables that stop dead); Mandarin has four plus a neutral. They get their own workshop: hear every tone, drawn and played side by side →

Pitch, stress & rhythm

The layer spelling doesn't record: which languages let pitch change a word (Cantonese, Mandarin), which let stress change one (English, Spanish, Italian, German), which use pitch only to ask a question (Georgian), and which have no word stress at all (French). See what each language does →

The combination lab

Click sounds to chain them, then play. Everything is synthesised live from its phonetic description — no recordings — so you can build syllables that exist in no language at all and still hear them. Try ki against ku, or stack a Chao tone letter after a vowel.

Your combination
ka
Plosives
Fricatives
Nasals & liquids
Vowels
Tones

Try ki vs ku (the k changes colour before the vowel arrives), as vs aʃ, or a Georgian t͡sʼqʼa. Tones work too — add ˥ ˧˥ ˨˩˦ ˥˩ after a vowel.

Consonants

Where the air is stopped or squeezed.

p
voiceless bilabial plosive
p in spin
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
b
voiced bilabial plosive
b in bat
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · ko · ms · ja · tr
t
voiceless alveolar plosive
t in stop
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
d
voiced alveolar plosive
d in dog
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · ko · ms · ja · tr
k
voiceless velar plosive
k in skin, c in cat
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
ɡ
voiced velar plosive
g in go
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · ko · ms · ja · tr
ʔ
glottal stop
the catch in uh-oh
ms
m
bilabial nasal
m in man
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
n
alveolar nasal
n in no
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
ɲ
palatal nasal
ñ in Spanish año, gn in French agneau
fr · es · pt · it · vi · ms
ŋ
velar nasal
ng in sing
en · de · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · tr
f
voiceless labiodental fricative
f in fan
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ru · zh · yue · vi · ms · tr
v
voiced labiodental fricative
v in van
en · fr · pt · de · it · ka · ru · vi · tr
θ
voiceless dental fricative
th in think; Spanish (Spain) z, ce, ci
en · es
ð
voiced dental fricative
th in this
en · es
s
voiceless alveolar fricative
s in sun
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
z
voiced alveolar fricative
z in zoo
en · fr · pt · de · it · ka · ru · vi · ms · ja · tr
ʃ
voiceless postalveolar fricative
sh in ship
en · fr · pt · de · it · ka · hi · ms · tr
ʒ
voiced postalveolar fricative
s in measure, French j
en · fr · pt · ka · tr
ç
voiceless palatal fricative
German ich-Laut (ich, nicht)
de · ja
x
voiceless velar fricative
German ach-Laut (Bach), Spanish j (jamón)
es · de · ru · zh · vi · ms
ʁ
voiced uvular fricative
French and German r
fr · pt · de
h
voiceless glottal fricative
h in hat
en · de · ka · yue · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
t͡ʃ
voiceless postalveolar affricate
ch in church, Spanish ch, Italian c(i)
en · es · de · it · hi · ms · tr
d͡ʒ
voiced postalveolar affricate
j in judge, Italian g(i)
en · it · ka · hi · ms · tr
t͡s
voiceless alveolar affricate
German z (Zeit), Italian z (pizza)
de · it · ru · zh · yue · ja
d͡z
voiced alveolar affricate
Italian z in zero, mezzo
it · ka
p͡f
voiceless labiodental affricate
German pf in Pferd
de
l
alveolar lateral approximant
l in light
en · fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko · ms · tr
ʎ
palatal lateral approximant
Italian gl(i) in figlio
pt · it
ɹ
alveolar approximant
English r in red
en
r
alveolar trill
Spanish rr in perro, Italian r
es · it · ka · ru · ms
ɾ
alveolar tap
Spanish single r in pero; American t in butter
es · pt · hi · ko · ja · tr
β
voiced bilabial fricative/approximant
Spanish b/v between vowels (haber)
es
ɣ
voiced velar fricative/approximant
Spanish g between vowels (agua)
es · ka · vi · ms
pʰ
aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive
p with a puff of air — English p in pin; Mandarin p, Georgian ფ
ka · hi · zh · yue · ko
tʰ
aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive
t with a puff — English t in top; Mandarin t, Georgian თ
ka · hi · zh · yue · vi · ko
kʰ
aspirated voiceless velar plosive
k with a puff — English k in kin; Mandarin k, Georgian ქ
ka · hi · zh · yue · ko
kʷ
labialised voiceless velar plosive
Cantonese gw in gwong 廣
yue
kʷʰ
aspirated labialised voiceless velar plosive
Cantonese kw in kwai 葵
yue
t͡sʰ
aspirated voiceless alveolar affricate
Mandarin c (cài), Cantonese c, Georgian ც
ka · zh · yue
t͡ʃʰ
aspirated voiceless postalveolar affricate
Georgian ჩ
ka · hi
t͡ɕ
voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
Mandarin j (jī) — a 'j' with the tongue flat and forward
ru · zh · ko · ja
t͡ɕʰ
aspirated voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
Mandarin q (qī)
zh · ko
ɕ
voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
Mandarin x (xī) — between s and sh
zh · ko · ja
ʈ͡ʂ
voiceless retroflex affricate
Mandarin zh (zhī) — tongue curled back
zh
ʈ͡ʂʰ
aspirated voiceless retroflex affricate
Mandarin ch (chī)
zh
ʂ
voiceless retroflex fricative
Mandarin sh (shī)
ru · zh
ʐ
voiced retroflex fricative/approximant
Mandarin r (rì) — 'r' and 'zh' at once
ru · zh
pʼ
bilabial ejective
Georgian პ — p with the glottis shut, a popped sound
ka
tʼ
alveolar ejective
Georgian ტ
ka
kʼ
velar ejective
Georgian კ
ka
qʼ
uvular ejective
Georgian ყ — the famous one in ბაყაყი 'frog'
ka
t͡sʼ
alveolar ejective affricate
Georgian წ
ka
t͡ʃʼ
postalveolar ejective affricate
Georgian ჭ
ka
χ
voiceless uvular fricative
Georgian ხ — further back than German ach
ka
ħ
voiceless pharyngeal fricative
Arabic ح — a breathy h squeezed in the throat
—
ʕ
voiced pharyngeal fricative
Arabic ع ('ayn) — say 'ah' while squeezing the throat
—
q
voiceless uvular plosive
Arabic ق — a k far back at the uvula
—
sˤ
pharyngealised (emphatic) s
Arabic ص — s with a deep, dark quality
—
dˤ
pharyngealised (emphatic) d
Arabic ض — the famous ḍād; Arabic calls itself 'the language of the ḍād'
—
tˤ
pharyngealised (emphatic) t
Arabic ط
—
ðˤ
pharyngealised (emphatic) ð
Arabic ظ
—
ʝ
voiced palatal fricative
Greek γ before e/i (γη) — a buzzed y
—
ɸ
voiceless bilabial fricative
Japanese ふ fu — blow across the lips, no teeth involved (not English f)
ja
ʑ
voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
Japanese じ ji between vowels — the voiced twin of ɕ
—
d͡ʑ
voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
Japanese じ ji at the start of a word
ko · ja
ɴ
uvular nasal
Japanese ん at the end of a word (ほん hon) — a nasal made right at the back
ja
kʲ
palatalised k
Japanese きゃ kya — k said with the tongue already in y position
ru
ɡʲ
palatalised ɡ
Japanese ぎゃ gya
ru
bʲ
palatalised b
Japanese びゃ bya
ru
pʲ
palatalised p
Japanese ぴゃ pya
ru
mʲ
palatalised m
Japanese みゃ mya
ru
ɾʲ
palatalised tap
Japanese りゃ rya
—
m̩
syllabic bilabial nasal
Cantonese m4 唔 'not' — a whole syllable of m
yue
ŋ̩
syllabic velar nasal
Cantonese ng5 五 'five'
yue
ʈ
voiceless retroflex plosive
Hindi ट in टमाटर — tongue curled back
hi
ʈʰ
aspirated voiceless retroflex plosive
Hindi ठ in ठंडा
hi
ɖ
voiced retroflex plosive
Hindi ड in डर
hi
ɖʱ
breathy-voiced retroflex plosive
Hindi ढ in ढोल
hi
ɳ
retroflex nasal
Hindi ण in गणेश
hi
ɽ
retroflex flap
Hindi ड़ in पेड़ — the tongue flicks forward off the roof
hi
ɽʱ
breathy-voiced retroflex flap
Hindi ढ़ in सीढ़ी — the flap with the breath still on it
—
bʱ
breathy-voiced bilabial plosive
Hindi भ in भाई
hi
dʱ
breathy-voiced dental plosive
Hindi ध in धूप
hi
ɡʱ
breathy-voiced velar plosive
Hindi घ in घर
hi
d͡ʒʱ
breathy-voiced postalveolar affricate
Hindi झ in झूठ
hi
ʋ
labiodental approximant
Hindi व — between English v and w, and neither
hi
ɦ
breathy-voiced glottal fricative
Hindi ह — voiced, unlike English h
hi
tʲ
palatalised voiceless dental plosive
Russian ть in брать — t with the tongue pressed up towards the palate
ru
dʲ
palatalised voiced dental plosive
Russian дя in дядя
ru
sʲ
palatalised voiceless alveolar fricative
Russian сь in весь
ru
zʲ
palatalised voiced alveolar fricative
Russian зя in зять
ru
nʲ
palatalised alveolar nasal
Russian нь in день — close to Spanish ñ
ru
lʲ
palatalised alveolar lateral
Russian ль in соль — against the very dark hard л
ru
rʲ
palatalised alveolar trill
Russian рь in дверь
ru
fʲ
palatalised voiceless labiodental fricative
Russian фи in фильм
ru
vʲ
palatalised voiced labiodental fricative
Russian ве in вечер
ru
xʲ
palatalised voiceless velar fricative
Russian хи in химия
ru
ɕː
long alveolo-palatal fricative
Russian щ in борщ — a long soft sh, and never short
ru
ɓ
voiced bilabial implosive
Vietnamese b in ba — the larynx drops and air is drawn IN as the lips open
vi
ɗ
voiced alveolar implosive
Vietnamese đ in đi — a d said with the throat pulling downwards
vi
c
voiceless palatal plosive
Vietnamese ch in chào; Hungarian ty — a t made with the tongue body on the hard palate, no sh after it
vi · tr
ɟ
voiced palatal plosive
Turkish g before a front vowel, in gel, göz, gül — a g made further forward, with a faint y glide into the vowel
tr
p͈
tense bilabial plosive
Korean ㅃ in 빵 — a p with the throat tightened, no puff, and a louder release than plain ㅂ
ko
t͈
tense alveolar plosive
Korean ㄸ in 딸기 — t with the throat tightened and no puff
ko
k͈
tense velar plosive
Korean ㄲ in 꽃 — k with the throat tightened and no puff
ko
s͈
tense alveolar fricative
Korean ㅆ in 쌀 — a longer, harder s with no breathiness
ko
t͡ɕ͈
tense alveolo-palatal affricate
Korean ㅉ in 짜다 — the ㅈ affricate with the throat tightened
ko
ɕ͈
tense alveolo-palatal fricative
Korean ㅆ before i, in 씨 — a hard, long sh with the tongue flat
—

Glides

Consonant-like vowels: y, w, and the French ɥ.

Vowels

Tongue height × front/back × lip rounding. Nasal ones are French.

i
close front unrounded
ee in see (short and tense in Romance)
fr · es · pt · it · ka · ru · zh · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
iː
long close front unrounded
ee in see
en · de · hi · yue · ja
ɪ
near-close near-front unrounded
i in sit
en · de · ru · hi · yue
y
close front rounded
French u in tu, German ü in über
fr · zh · tr
yː
long close front rounded
German ü in Tür
de · yue
ʏ
near-close near-front rounded
German ü in fünf
de
e
close-mid front unrounded
French é, Spanish e
fr · es · pt · it · ru · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
eː
long close-mid front unrounded
German ee in See
de · hi · ja
ɛ
open-mid front unrounded
e in bed, French è
en · fr · pt · de · it · ka · zh · vi
ɛː
long open-mid front unrounded
German ä in Käse (careful speech)
de · hi · yue
ø
close-mid front rounded
French eu in peu
fr · tr
øː
long close-mid front rounded
German ö in schön
de
œ
open-mid front rounded
French eu in peur, German ö in können
fr · de
ə
mid central (schwa)
a in about, French e in le
en · fr · de · ru · hi · zh · ms
ɜː
long open-mid central unrounded
ur in nurse (British)
en
ɐ
near-open central
German -er in Mutter
pt · de · ru · yue
æ
near-open front unrounded
a in cat
en
a
open front unrounded
Spanish/Italian a, French a in patte
fr · es · pt · de · it · ka · ru · zh · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
aː
long open front unrounded
German a in Vater
de · hi · yue · ja
ɑ
open back unrounded
French a in pâte (conservative)
fr · zh
ɑː
long open back unrounded
a in father
en
ɒ
open back rounded
o in lot (British)
en
ɔ
open-mid back rounded
French o in port, Italian o in cosa
fr · pt · de · it · ka · vi
ɔː
long open-mid back rounded
aw in law
en · hi · yue
o
close-mid back rounded
French eau, Spanish o
fr · es · pt · it · ru · zh · vi · ko · ms · ja · tr
oː
long close-mid back rounded
German o in Boot
de · hi · ja
ʊ
near-close near-back rounded
u in put
en · de · ru · hi · zh · yue
u
close back rounded
French ou, Spanish u
fr · es · pt · it · ka · ru · zh · vi · ko · ms · tr
uː
long close back rounded
oo in food
en · de · hi · yue
ʌ
open-mid back unrounded
u in cup
en · ko
ɑ̃
nasal open back
French an/en in sans, vent
fr
ɛ̃
nasal open-mid front
French in/ain in vin, pain
fr
ɔ̃
nasal open-mid back rounded
French on in bon
fr
œ̃
nasal open-mid front rounded
French un in brun (merging with ɛ̃ in Paris)
fr
ɯ
close back unrounded
Japanese u in すし sushi — like /u/ but with the lips NOT rounded
vi · ko · ja · tr
ɯː
long close back unrounded
Japanese ū in すうじ sūji
ja
ɤ
close-mid back unrounded
Mandarin e in hē, gē — an 'o' with spread lips
zh · vi
ɚ
r-coloured mid central
Mandarin er (èr, érzi); American er in butter
zh
ɹ̩
syllabic apical vowel (after z c s)
Mandarin zi, ci, si — the 'i' is a buzzed continuation of the consonant
zh
ɻ̩
syllabic retroflex apical vowel (after zh ch sh r)
Mandarin zhi, chi, shi, ri
zh
ɵ
close-mid central rounded
Cantonese eo in ceot 出, seon 信
yue
œː
long open-mid front rounded
Cantonese oe in hoeng 香
yue
ɐ̃
nasal near-open central
Portuguese ã in lã, irmã
pt
ẽ
nasal close-mid front
Portuguese em in tempo
pt
ĩ
nasal close front
Portuguese im in sim
pt
õ
nasal close-mid back
Portuguese om/on in bom, ponte
pt
ũ
nasal close back
Portuguese um in um, atum
pt
ɨ
close central unrounded
European Portuguese unstressed e in pequeno — the vowel that nearly vanishes
pt · ru
ă
short open front unrounded
Vietnamese ă in ăn, and the a of tay, sáu — a clipped /a/
vi
ɤ̆
short close-mid back unrounded
Vietnamese â in cân, thấy — a clipped ơ, close to the u of English cut
vi

Diphthongs

Two vowels in one syllable — English and German love them.

eɪ
closing diphthong
a in face
en
aɪ
closing diphthong
i in price, German ei in mein
en · de
ɔɪ
closing diphthong
oy in boy, German eu in neu
en · de
aʊ
closing diphthong
ou in mouth, German au in Haus
en · de
əʊ
closing diphthong
o in goat (British)
en
ɪə
centring diphthong
ear in near (British)
en
eə
centring diphthong
air in square (British)
en
ai
closing diphthong a→i
Mandarin ai (ài), Malay ai (pantai), Georgian აი
zh · ms
au
closing diphthong a→u
Malay au (pulau)
ms
aːi
long closing diphthong aː→i
Cantonese aai (gaai1 街)
yue
aːu
long closing diphthong aː→u
Cantonese aau (gaau3 教)
yue
ɑʊ
closing diphthong ɑ→ʊ
Mandarin ao (hǎo)
zh
oʊ
closing diphthong o→ʊ
Mandarin ou (dōu); American o in go
zh
ei
closing diphthong e→i
Mandarin ei (hēi), Cantonese ei (sei3 四)
zh · yue
ou
closing diphthong o→u
Cantonese ou (hou2 好)
yue
ɐi
closing diphthong ɐ→i
Cantonese ai (sai3 細)
yue
ɐu
closing diphthong ɐ→u
Cantonese au (gau2 九)
yue
ɵy
closing diphthong ɵ→y
Cantonese eoi (seoi2 水)
yue
iːu
closing diphthong iː→u
Cantonese iu (siu2 小)
yue
uːi
closing diphthong uː→i
Cantonese ui (bui1 杯)
yue
ɔːi
closing diphthong ɔː→i
Cantonese oi (hoi1 開)
yue
iə
centring diphthong from i
Vietnamese ia / iê in kia, tiền — starts at ee and falls to a schwa
vi
ɯə
centring diphthong from ɯ
Vietnamese ưa / ươ in mưa, nước — an unrounded oo falling to a schwa
vi
uə
centring diphthong from u
Vietnamese ua / uô in mua, muốn — oo falling to a schwa
vi