Pronouns

English pronouns are the last place the language still marks case — I/me, he/him, they/them — and the first thing to learn is a relief: there is only one "you". No tu/vous, no du/Sie, no tú/usted. You address the Queen and your dog with the same word.

The full set

subject	object	possessive adjective	possessive pronoun	reflexive
I	me	my	mine	myself
you	you	your	yours	yourself / yourselves
he	him	his	his	himself
she	her	her	hers	herself
it	it	its	—	itself
we	us	our	ours	ourselves
they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Subject before the verb: She knows. Object after verbs and prepositions: Tell her. Come with me. (Never with I.)
After be, spoken English uses object forms: It's me. (It is I is museum-piece formal.)
Pronouns are not optional: Spanish and Italian drop them (hablo, parlo), English never does — I speak, not ~~speak~~. Every sentence needs a stated subject, even a dummy one: It's raining. There's a problem.

Possessives: two rows, one trap

Adjective + noun: my car, their house. Pronoun stands alone: That car is mine. A friend of hers.
The possessor's own gender decides his/her — not the noun's (there is no noun gender): John and his mother; Mary and her father. French/Italian speakers: sa mère maps to his mother or her mother depending on who owns her.

its vs it's

	means	example
its	possessive	The dog wagged its tail.
it's	it is / it has	It's raining. It's been ages.

The apostrophe means contraction, never possession, in pronouns: its, hers, theirs, yours take no apostrophe. (Same trap: their/they're/there, whose/who's.)

Singular they

For a person of unknown or unspecified gender, English uses they/them/their with singular meaning — standard in speech and increasingly in writing:

Someone left their umbrella.
If a student fails, they can retake the exam.
It also serves people who use they as their personal pronoun. Verb stays plural in form: they are.

Reflexives and each other

Reflexive when subject = object: He cut himself. But English uses far fewer reflexives than Romance and German — everyday verbs like wash, shave, dress, remember, sit down, wake up, feel take no pronoun: I washed and dressed (French je me suis lavé), I feel good (not ~~I feel myself good~~ — Spanish me siento, German ich fühle mich).
Reciprocal is different: They looked at each other (A→B, B→A) vs They looked at themselves (in the mirror).

One / you for people in general

"One should be careful" is formal; everyday English says you: "You never know." French on as "we" is just we: on y va → we're going.

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