L'interface est traduite, mais les explications de cette page sont encore rédigées en anglais — le texte pédagogique n'a pas encore été traduit.
Allemand : orthographe → son
German spelling is reliable once you learn its length system: a vowel is LONG before a single consonant, a silent h, or when doubled (aa, ee, oo, ie), and SHORT before two consonants or a doubled one (Mutter, Bett). Final b/d/g devoice to /p t k/ (Tag → /taːk/). ch has two faces: the throaty [x] after a, o, u, au (Bach, Buch) and the hissy [ç] everywhere else (ich, Milch). s is /z/ before a vowel, st/sp at the start of a stem are /ʃt ʃp/, z is /t͡s/, v is /f/, w is /v/. Stress is on the first syllable of the stem (prefixes be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent- are unstressed). Short vowels in one-syllable function words (mit, in, das, es) are lexical — the tracer reads them long.
Suivre un mot
Chaque case est une règle qui se déclenche. Survolez une case (ou ouvrez le tableau) pour voir pourquoi. Les règles s'appliquent dans l'ordre, la première qui correspond gagne — et cet ordre est le système orthographique.
Consonnes et semi-voyelles
| IPA | Spelled | Example |
|---|---|---|
| p | p, pp, b (final) | Papier paˈpiːɐ̯ paper |
| b | b | Buch buːx book |
| t | t, tt, th, dt, d (final) | Tag taːk day |
| d | d | danke ˈdaŋkə thanks |
| k | k, ck, g (final), c | Kind kɪnt child |
| ɡ | g | gut ɡuːt good |
| m | m, mm | Mutter ˈmʊtɐ mother |
| n | n, nn | Nacht naxt night |
| ŋ | ng, n before k | singen ˈzɪŋən to sing — No /ɡ/ after it, unlike English 'finger'. |
| f | f, ff, v, ph | Vater ˈfaːtɐ father — Native v = /f/. Loanwords keep /v/ (Vase, Vitamin). |
| v | w, v (loans) | Wasser ˈvasɐ water |
| s | s (final / before consonant), ss, ß | Straße ˈʃtʁaːsə street — ß = /s/ after a long vowel or diphthong; ss after a short one. |
| z | s before a vowel | Sonne ˈzɔnə sun |
| ʃ | sch, s in st-/sp- | Schule ˈʃuːlə school |
| ç | ch (after front vowels, consonants, in -chen), -ig | ich ɪç I — Whisper a 'y' (as in yes) hard. Ich-Laut. |
| x | ch after a, o, u, au | Bach bax stream — Ach-Laut — from the back of the throat. |
| h | h (before a vowel) | Haus haʊs house — After a vowel h is silent and lengthens it: sehen /ˈzeːən/. |
| j | j | ja jaː yes |
| l | l, ll | Liebe ˈliːbə love |
| ʁ | r (before a vowel) | rot ʁoːt red — Uvular like French. Bavaria/Austria roll it. |
| t͡s | z, tz, c (before e, i), -tion | Zeit t͡saɪt time |
| t͡ʃ | tsch | Deutsch dɔɪt͡ʃ German |
| p͡f | pf | Pferd p͡feːɐ̯t horse |
Voyelles
| IPA | Spelled | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ɐ | -er (final), r after a vowel | Mutter ˈmʊtɐ mother — Vocalised r — sounds like a light 'uh'. Tür /tyːɐ̯/. |
| a | a (short) | Mann man man |
| aː | a (long), aa, ah | Vater ˈfaːtɐ father |
| ɛ | e (short), ä (short) | Bett bɛt bed |
| eː | e (long), ee, eh | See zeː lake |
| ɛː | ä (long), äh | Käse ˈkɛːzə cheese — Many speakers say /eː/. |
| ə | e (unstressed, final -e, -en, -el) | bitte ˈbɪtə please |
| ɪ | i (short) | Kind kɪnt child |
| iː | ie, i (long), ih, ieh | Liebe ˈliːbə love |
| ɔ | o (short) | Sonne ˈzɔnə sun |
| oː | o (long), oo, oh | Brot bʁoːt bread |
| œ | ö (short) | können ˈkœnən can |
| øː | ö (long), öh | schön ʃøːn beautiful |
| ʊ | u (short) | Mutter ˈmʊtɐ mother |
| uː | u (long), uh | gut ɡuːt good |
| ʏ | ü (short), y | fünf fʏnf five |
| yː | ü (long), üh | Tür tyːɐ̯ door |
| aɪ | ei, ai, ey, ay | mein maɪn my — ei is always /aɪ/ (like English 'eye'), never 'ay'. |
| aʊ | au | Haus haʊs house |
| ɔɪ | eu, äu | neu nɔɪ new |
Les règles, dans l'ordre
81 règles. La colonne de gauche est un motif (expression régulière) testé à la position courante dans le mot ; (?=…) regarde devant, (?<=…) regarde derrière, $ est la fin du mot.
| # | Pattern | Sound | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ig(?:$| ) | -ig at the end = /ɪç/ (König, wichtig) | |
| 2 | er(?:$| ) | -er at the end = vocalised /ɐ/ | |
| 3 | e(?=n(?:$| )|l(?:$| )|s(?:$| )|(?:$| )) | unstressed final -e, -en, -el, -es = schwa | |
| 4 | tsch | ||
| 5 | sch | ||
| 6 | chs | chs = /ks/ (sechs, Fuchs) | |
| 7 | (?<=[aou])ch | ch after a, o, u, au = ach-Laut /x/ | |
| 8 | ch | ch elsewhere = ich-Laut /ç/ | |
| 9 | ck | ||
| 10 | pf | ||
| 11 | ph | ||
| 12 | th | ||
| 13 | dt | ||
| 14 | qu | qu = /kv/ | |
| 15 | (?<=^| |ge|be|ver|er|ent|zer|an|auf|aus|ab|ein|vor|zu|um)sp | sp at the start of a stem = /ʃp/ | |
| 16 | (?<=^| |ge|be|ver|er|ent|zer|an|auf|aus|ab|ein|vor|zu|um)st | st at the start of a stem = /ʃt/ | |
| 17 | ß | ||
| 18 | ss | ||
| 19 | s(?=[aeiouäöüy]) | s before a vowel = /z/ | |
| 20 | s | ||
| 21 | tz | ||
| 22 | z | z = /t͡s/, always | |
| 23 | c(?=[eiäöü]) | ||
| 24 | c | ||
| 25 | ng | ||
| 26 | n(?=k) | ||
| 27 | v | native v = /f/ (loanwords: /v/) | |
| 28 | w | w = /v/ | |
| 29 | x | ||
| 30 | ll | ||
| 31 | mm | ||
| 32 | nn | ||
| 33 | tt | ||
| 34 | pp | ||
| 35 | rr | ||
| 36 | ff | ||
| 37 | bb | ||
| 38 | dd | ||
| 39 | gg | ||
| 40 | b(?=(?:$| )|[st]) | final b devoices to /p/ | |
| 41 | d(?=(?:$| )|[st]) | final d devoices to /t/ | |
| 42 | g(?=(?:$| )|[st]) | final g devoices to /k/ | |
| 43 | (?:ei|ai|ey|ay) | ei/ai = /aɪ/ like 'eye' | |
| 44 | (?:eu|äu) | eu/äu = /ɔɪ/ like 'oy' | |
| 45 | au | ||
| 46 | ieh? | ie = long /iː/ | |
| 47 | ah(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 48 | eh(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 49 | ih(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 50 | oh(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 51 | uh(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 52 | äh(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 53 | öh(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 54 | üh(?![aeiouäöüy]) | silent h lengthens the vowel | |
| 55 | aa | ||
| 56 | ee | ||
| 57 | oo | ||
| 58 | (?<=[aeiouäöüy])r(?![aeiouäöüy]) | r after a vowel (not before one) is vocalised | |
| 59 | r | ||
| 60 | h | ||
| 61 | j | ||
| 62 | u(?=ch) | u before ch is usually long (Buch, Tuch, suchen) | |
| 63 | a(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | long: open syllable or one final consonant | |
| 64 | a | short: before two consonants | |
| 65 | e(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | long: open syllable or one final consonant | |
| 66 | e | short: before two consonants | |
| 67 | i(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | long: open syllable or one final consonant | |
| 68 | i | short: before two consonants | |
| 69 | o(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | long: open syllable or one final consonant | |
| 70 | o | short: before two consonants | |
| 71 | u(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | long: open syllable or one final consonant | |
| 72 | u | short: before two consonants | |
| 73 | ä(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | ||
| 74 | ä | ||
| 75 | ö(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | ||
| 76 | ö | ||
| 77 | ü(?=(?:ß|[bdfgklmnprstvwxz])(?:[aeiouäöüy]|(?:$| ))|(?:$| )) | ||
| 78 | ü | ||
| 79 | y | ||
| 80 | [pbtdkfmnl] | ||
| 81 | g |