L'interface est traduite, mais les explications de cette page sont encore rédigées en anglais — le texte pédagogique n'a pas encore été traduit.
Hindi : orthographe → son
Hindi asks the ear for a distinction English does not make, and makes it twice. Every stop comes in four versions: plain, aspirated, voiced, and BREATHY-voiced — क ख ग घ, ka kha ga gha. And it runs that four-way set across two places English merges into one: dental त (tongue on the teeth) and retroflex ट (tongue curled back to the roof). Sixteen consonants where English has four. Breathy voice is not aspiration: the folds stay slack and keep vibrating through the puff, which is why भ is not just a loud ब. The tracer here reads the ROMANISATION, not the Devanagari — but Devanagari is worth learning early, because unlike English it spells exactly what it means.
Suivre un mot
Chaque case est une règle qui se déclenche. Survolez une case (ou ouvrez le tableau) pour voir pourquoi. Les règles s'appliquent dans l'ordre, la première qui correspond gagne — et cet ordre est le système orthographique. Type the romanisation (namaste, paani) — the tracer reads that, not the Devanagari.
Consonnes et semi-voyelles
| IPA | Spelled | Example |
|---|---|---|
| k | k, क | kaam kaːm work |
| kʰ | kh, ख | khaanaa kʰaːnaː food — A puff of air. kaam 'work' vs khaam 'raw'. |
| ɡ | g, ग | garam ɡəɾəm hot |
| ɡʱ | gh, घ | ghar ɡʱəɾ house — Breathy, not aspirated — voicing carries on through the breath. |
| t | t, त | tum tum you — DENTAL: tongue flat against the back of the teeth, softer than English t. |
| tʰ | th, थ | thoṛaa tʰoːɽaː a little — Never the English th sound. Dental t plus a puff. |
| d | d, द | din din day |
| dʱ | dh, ध | dhuup dʱuːp sunshine |
| ʈ | ṭ, ट | ṭamaaṭar ʈəmaːʈəɾ tomato — RETROFLEX: tongue curled back. This is the one English speakers substitute for both — English t sits between the two and sounds foreign either way. |
| ʈʰ | ṭh, ठ | ṭhanḍaa ʈʰəɳɖaː cold |
| ɖ | ḍ, ड | ḍar ɖəɾ fear |
| ɖʱ | ḍh, ढ | ḍhol ɖʱoːl drum |
| ɽ | ṛ, ड़ | peṛ peːɽ tree — The tongue flicks forward off the roof of the mouth. A single quick beat. |
| p | p, प | paanii paːniː water |
| pʰ | ph, फ | phal pʰəl fruit — Often said as /f/ nowadays, especially in loanwords. |
| b | b, ब | bacchaa bət͡ʃːaː child |
| bʱ | bh, भ | bhaaii bʱaːiː brother |
| t͡ʃ | c, ch, च | caay t͡ʃaːj tea — The word the whole world borrowed — chai, çay, chá. |
| t͡ʃʰ | chh, छ | chhoṭaa t͡ʃʰoːʈaː small |
| d͡ʒ | j, ज | jaanaa d͡ʒaːnaː to go |
| d͡ʒʱ | jh, झ | jhuuṭh d͡ʒʱuːʈʰ a lie |
| m | m, म | maa maː mother |
| n | n, न | naam naːm name |
| ɳ | ṇ, ण | gaṇesh ɡəɳeːʃ Ganesh — Retroflex n. |
| s | s, स | saal saːl year |
| ʃ | sh, श | shaam ʃaːm evening |
| ɦ | h, ह | haath ɦaːtʰ hand — VOICED, unlike English h — the folds vibrate. |
| l | l, ल | laal laːl red |
| ɾ | r, र | raat ɾaːt night — A tap, as in Spanish pero. |
| ʋ | v, w, व | vah ʋəɦ he, she, that — Between English v and w and genuinely neither — which is why Hindi speakers of English swap the two. |
| j | y, य | yah jəɦ this |
Voyelles
| IPA | Spelled | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ə | a, अ | kal kəl yesterday/tomorrow — The default vowel, built into every consonant letter unless something removes it. |
| aː | aa, आ, ा | aam aːm mango |
| ɪ | i, इ | din dɪn day |
| iː | ii, ई | diip diːp lamp |
| ʊ | u, उ | kuchh kʊt͡ʃʰ something |
| uː | uu, ऊ | duudh duːdʱ milk |
| eː | e, ए | ek eːk one |
| ɛː | ai, ऐ | hai ɦɛː is — Not a diphthong in standard Hindi — one open vowel. |
| oː | o, ओ | do doː two |
| ɔː | au, औ | aur ɔːɾ and |
Les règles, dans l'ordre
38 règles. La colonne de gauche est un motif (expression régulière) testé à la position courante dans le mot ; (?=…) regarde devant, (?<=…) regarde derrière, $ est la fin du mot.
| # | Pattern | Sound | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ṭh | retroflex t plus aspiration | |
| 2 | ḍh | retroflex d, breathy | |
| 3 | ṭ | the dot means retroflex: tongue curled back | |
| 4 | ḍ | ||
| 5 | ṇ | ||
| 6 | ṛ | retroflex flap | |
| 7 | chh | ||
| 8 | kh | ||
| 9 | gh | breathy voice — not a separate h | |
| 10 | th | dental t plus a puff. Never the English th. | |
| 11 | dh | ||
| 12 | ph | ||
| 13 | bh | ||
| 14 | jh | ||
| 15 | sh | ||
| 16 | ch | ||
| 17 | c | c alone is the ch sound | |
| 18 | j | ||
| 19 | aa | ||
| 20 | ii | ||
| 21 | uu | ||
| 22 | ai | one open vowel, not a glide | |
| 23 | au | ||
| 24 | ā | ||
| 25 | ī | ||
| 26 | ū | ||
| 27 | e | ||
| 28 | o | ||
| 29 | a | short a is the neutral vowel | |
| 30 | i | ||
| 31 | u | ||
| 32 | h | voiced h — the folds keep vibrating | |
| 33 | v | ||
| 34 | w | ||
| 35 | r | ||
| 36 | y | ||
| 37 | ñ | ||
| 38 | [ptkbdɡmnsl] |