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Accueil / Langues / Géorgien / Sons

Géorgien : orthographe → son

Georgian is written in its own alphabet, Mkhedruli, and the alphabet is honest: every letter is one sound, every sound is one letter, nothing is silent, there are no capitals. Learn 33 shapes and you can read anything aloud. The sounds themselves are the challenge: three series of stops — voiced (ბ დ გ), aspirated (ფ თ ქ, with a puff) and EJECTIVE (პ ტ კ, made with the glottis closed so they pop) — plus a uvular ejective ყ /qʼ/ and a uvular ხ /χ/. Consonant clusters can be fierce (გვფრცქვნი gvprtskvni — 'you peel us'). Stress is weak and usually on the first syllable; the five vowels never reduce.

Suivre un mot

Chaque case est une règle qui se déclenche. Survolez une case (ou ouvrez le tableau) pour voir pourquoi. Les règles s'appliquent dans l'ordre, la première qui correspond gagne — et cet ordre est le système orthographique. Type Georgian letters (მადლობა). One letter = one sound, always.

→
მ
m
ა
a
დ
d
ლ
l
ო
ɔ
ბ
b
ა
a
Why each segment sounds like that
LettresSonRule
მm ↗default mapping
აa ↗default mapping
დd ↗default mapping
ლl ↗default mapping
ოɔ ↗default mapping
ბb ↗default mapping
აa ↗default mapping

Consonnes et semi-voyelles

IPASpelledExample
bბ ბავშვი bavʃvi
child
pʰფ ფული pʰuli
money — Aspirated — a puff of air, like English p in 'pin'.
pʼპ პური pʼuri
bread — Ejective — no air from the lungs; close the glottis and pop.
dდ დედა dɛda
mother
tʰთ თევზი tʰɛvzi
fish — Aspirated.
tʼტ ტბა tʼba
lake — Ejective.
ɡგ გული ɡuli
heart
kʰქ ქალი kʰali
woman — Aspirated. ქართული /kʰartʰuli/ = Georgian.
kʼკ კაცი kʼat͡sʰi
man — Ejective.
qʼყ ყავა qʼava
coffee — Uvular ejective — made far back, a throaty pop. The hardest sound for learners; ბაყაყი 'frog' is the tongue-twister.
mმ მადლობა madlɔba
thank you
nნ ნინო ninɔ
Nino (name)
vვ ვაშლი vaʃli
apple — Often [w] between consonants or after a vowel.
zზ ზღვა zɣva
sea
sს სახლი saχli
house
ʒჟ ჟურნალი ʒurnali
magazine
ʃშ შვილი ʃvili
child (son/daughter)
ɣღ ღვინო ɣvinɔ
wine — Voiced — like a French r but further forward; the partner of ხ.
χხ ხელი χɛli
hand — Uvular — rougher than German ach.
hჰ ჰაერი haɛri
air
d͡zძ ძაღლი d͡zaɣli
dog
t͡sʰც ცა t͡sʰa
sky — Aspirated.
t͡sʼწ წყალი t͡sʼqʼali
water — Ejective. წყალი opens with two ejectives in a row.
d͡ʒჯ ჯარი d͡ʒari
army
t͡ʃʰჩ ჩაი t͡ʃʰai
tea — Aspirated.
t͡ʃʼჭ ჭიქა t͡ʃʼikʰa
glass (drinking) — Ejective.
lლ ლამაზი lamazi
beautiful
rრ რძე rd͡zɛ
milk — Trilled or tapped.

Voyelles

IPASpelledExample
aა კარი kʼari
door
ɛე ერთი ɛrtʰi
one
iი ის is
he / she / it
ɔო ორი ɔri
two
uუ ღამე ɣamɛ
night — Example for u: უნივერსიტეტი /univɛrsitʼɛtʼi/.

Les règles, dans l'ordre

33 règles. La colonne de gauche est un motif (expression régulière) testé à la position courante dans le mot ; (?=…) regarde devant, (?<=…) regarde derrière, $ est la fin du mot.

#PatternSoundWhy
1აa
2ბb
3გɡ
4დd
5ეɛ
6ვv
7ზz
8თtʰaspirated t
9იi
10კkʼejective k
11ლl
12მm
13ნn
14ოɔ
15პpʼejective p
16ჟʒ
17რr
18სs
19ტtʼejective t
20უu
21ფpʰaspirated p
22ქkʰaspirated k
23ღɣ
24ყqʼuvular ejective
25შʃ
26ჩt͡ʃʰaspirated ch
27ცt͡sʰaspirated ts
28ძd͡z
29წt͡sʼejective ts
30ჭt͡ʃʼejective ch
31ხχ
32ჯd͡ʒ
33ჰh