L'interface est traduite, mais les explications de cette page sont encore rédigées en anglais — le texte pédagogique n'a pas encore été traduit.
Géorgien : orthographe → son
Georgian is written in its own alphabet, Mkhedruli, and the alphabet is honest: every letter is one sound, every sound is one letter, nothing is silent, there are no capitals. Learn 33 shapes and you can read anything aloud. The sounds themselves are the challenge: three series of stops — voiced (ბ დ გ), aspirated (ფ თ ქ, with a puff) and EJECTIVE (პ ტ კ, made with the glottis closed so they pop) — plus a uvular ejective ყ /qʼ/ and a uvular ხ /χ/. Consonant clusters can be fierce (გვფრცქვნი gvprtskvni — 'you peel us'). Stress is weak and usually on the first syllable; the five vowels never reduce.
Suivre un mot
Chaque case est une règle qui se déclenche. Survolez une case (ou ouvrez le tableau) pour voir pourquoi. Les règles s'appliquent dans l'ordre, la première qui correspond gagne — et cet ordre est le système orthographique. Type Georgian letters (მადლობა). One letter = one sound, always.
Consonnes et semi-voyelles
| IPA | Spelled | Example |
|---|---|---|
| b | ბ | ბავშვი bavʃvi child |
| pʰ | ფ | ფული pʰuli money — Aspirated — a puff of air, like English p in 'pin'. |
| pʼ | პ | პური pʼuri bread — Ejective — no air from the lungs; close the glottis and pop. |
| d | დ | დედა dɛda mother |
| tʰ | თ | თევზი tʰɛvzi fish — Aspirated. |
| tʼ | ტ | ტბა tʼba lake — Ejective. |
| ɡ | გ | გული ɡuli heart |
| kʰ | ქ | ქალი kʰali woman — Aspirated. ქართული /kʰartʰuli/ = Georgian. |
| kʼ | კ | კაცი kʼat͡sʰi man — Ejective. |
| qʼ | ყ | ყავა qʼava coffee — Uvular ejective — made far back, a throaty pop. The hardest sound for learners; ბაყაყი 'frog' is the tongue-twister. |
| m | მ | მადლობა madlɔba thank you |
| n | ნ | ნინო ninɔ Nino (name) |
| v | ვ | ვაშლი vaʃli apple — Often [w] between consonants or after a vowel. |
| z | ზ | ზღვა zɣva sea |
| s | ს | სახლი saχli house |
| ʒ | ჟ | ჟურნალი ʒurnali magazine |
| ʃ | შ | შვილი ʃvili child (son/daughter) |
| ɣ | ღ | ღვინო ɣvinɔ wine — Voiced — like a French r but further forward; the partner of ხ. |
| χ | ხ | ხელი χɛli hand — Uvular — rougher than German ach. |
| h | ჰ | ჰაერი haɛri air |
| d͡z | ძ | ძაღლი d͡zaɣli dog |
| t͡sʰ | ც | ცა t͡sʰa sky — Aspirated. |
| t͡sʼ | წ | წყალი t͡sʼqʼali water — Ejective. წყალი opens with two ejectives in a row. |
| d͡ʒ | ჯ | ჯარი d͡ʒari army |
| t͡ʃʰ | ჩ | ჩაი t͡ʃʰai tea — Aspirated. |
| t͡ʃʼ | ჭ | ჭიქა t͡ʃʼikʰa glass (drinking) — Ejective. |
| l | ლ | ლამაზი lamazi beautiful |
| r | რ | რძე rd͡zɛ milk — Trilled or tapped. |
Voyelles
Les règles, dans l'ordre
33 règles. La colonne de gauche est un motif (expression régulière) testé à la position courante dans le mot ; (?=…) regarde devant, (?<=…) regarde derrière, $ est la fin du mot.
| # | Pattern | Sound | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ა | ||
| 2 | ბ | ||
| 3 | გ | ||
| 4 | დ | ||
| 5 | ე | ||
| 6 | ვ | ||
| 7 | ზ | ||
| 8 | თ | aspirated t | |
| 9 | ი | ||
| 10 | კ | ejective k | |
| 11 | ლ | ||
| 12 | მ | ||
| 13 | ნ | ||
| 14 | ო | ||
| 15 | პ | ejective p | |
| 16 | ჟ | ||
| 17 | რ | ||
| 18 | ს | ||
| 19 | ტ | ejective t | |
| 20 | უ | ||
| 21 | ფ | aspirated p | |
| 22 | ქ | aspirated k | |
| 23 | ღ | ||
| 24 | ყ | uvular ejective | |
| 25 | შ | ||
| 26 | ჩ | aspirated ch | |
| 27 | ც | aspirated ts | |
| 28 | ძ | ||
| 29 | წ | ejective ts | |
| 30 | ჭ | ejective ch | |
| 31 | ხ | ||
| 32 | ჯ | ||
| 33 | ჰ |