L'interface est traduite, mais les explications de cette page sont encore rédigées en anglais — le texte pédagogique n'a pas encore été traduit.

Accueil / Langues / Coréen / Sons

Coréen : orthographe → son

Hangul is an alphabet — 14 consonants and 10 vowels, plus the doubled and compound letters — whose letters are stacked into syllable blocks: 한 is ㅎ + ㅏ + ㄴ. The letters are honest; the seams between syllables are where the work is. A final consonant is unreleased (ㅂ ㄷ ㄱ ㅁ ㄴ ㅇ ㄹ are the only seven sounds a syllable may end in, however it is spelled), but it moves onto a following vowel with its full value (밥이 'rice' + subject = 바비), turns nasal before a nasal (국물 = 궁물, 합니다 = 함니다), tenses the plain consonant after it (학교 = 학꾜), and combines with ㅎ into an aspirate (좋다 = 조타). Korean has three kinds of every stop where English has two: plain ㅂ ㄷ ㄱ ㅈ (voiceless at the start of a word, voiced between vowels), aspirated ㅍ ㅌ ㅋ ㅊ, and TENSE ㅃ ㄸ ㄲ ㅉ, said with the throat stiffened and no puff. ㅅ is /s/ but /ɕ/ before i. The vowels are seven plus glides: ㅡ /ɯ/ is the unrounded u, ㅓ /ʌ/ the open unrounded o, and ㅐ/ㅔ have merged for anyone under sixty. No tones, no stress, no vowel reduction.

Suivre un mot

Chaque case est une règle qui se déclenche. Survolez une case (ou ouvrez le tableau) pour voir pourquoi. Les règles s'appliquent dans l'ordre, la première qui correspond gagne — et cet ordre est le système orthographique. Type Hangul (감사합니다). The tracer takes each block apart into its letters and applies the sound changes between them — 학교 comes out with the tense k it is said with.

ᄒ

ᅡ

ᆫ

ᄀ

ᅮ

ᆨ

ᄋ

∅

ᅥ

Why each segment sounds like that

Lettres	Son	Rule
`ᄒ`	h ↗	default mapping
`ᅡ`	a ↗	default mapping
`ᆫ`	n ↗	default mapping
`ᄀ`	ɡ ↗	plain ㄱ is voiced between voiced sounds
`ᅮ`	u ↗	default mapping
`ᆨ`	ɡ ↗	liaison: a final consonant moves onto a following vowel, voiced (국이 kuɡi)
`ᄋ`	∅ (silent)	ㅇ at the start of a syllable is silent — a placeholder for the vowel
`ᅥ`	ʌ ↗	ㅓ: an unrounded o (romanised eo)

Consonnes et semi-voyelles

IPA	Spelled	Example
p	ㅂ (initial), ㅂ ㅍ (final)	밥 pap cooked rice; a meal — Plain ㅂ: voiceless and lightly aspirated at the start of a word, voiced /b/ between voiced sounds (바보 pabo). As a final, unreleased — the lips close and stay closed.
b	ㅂ (between vowels)	바보 pabo fool — The same letter as /p/, voiced because it sits between vowels. Korean does not hear the difference; English does.
pʰ	ㅍ	팔 pʰal arm; eight — Aspirated — a strong puff of air. The p of English 'pot'.
p͈	ㅃ	빵 p͈aŋ bread — Tense: the throat stiffens, the release is sharp and there is no puff at all. The third kind of p. Also what plain ㅂ becomes after an obstruent (입구 ipk͈u).
t	ㄷ (initial), ㄷ ㅅ ㅆ ㅈ ㅊ ㅌ ㅎ (final)	닫다 tatt͈a to close — Plain ㄷ. As a FINAL, seven different letters all come out as this one unreleased t: 옷 ot, 낮 nat, 꽃 k͈ot, 밭 pat.
d	ㄷ (between vowels)	어디 ʌdi where — Plain ㄷ voiced between voiced sounds.
tʰ	ㅌ	토끼 tʰok͈i rabbit
t͈	ㄸ	딸기 t͈alɡi strawberry — Tense t. 달 tal 'moon', 탈 tʰal 'mask', 딸 t͈al 'daughter' — one triplet to hear the three-way contrast on.
k	ㄱ (initial), ㄱ ㄲ ㅋ (final)	국 kuk soup — Plain ㄱ, voiceless at the start of a word. As a final, unreleased — the back of the tongue closes and stays closed.
ɡ	ㄱ (between vowels)	고기 koɡi meat — Plain ㄱ voiced between voiced sounds — which is why the same word is romanised gogi and starts with a k-sound.
kʰ	ㅋ	코 kʰo nose
k͈	ㄲ	꽃 k͈ot flower — Tense k. Also what plain ㄱ becomes after an obstruent: 학교 hakk͈jo.
t͡ɕ	ㅈ (initial)	집 t͡ɕip house — Plain ㅈ — between English ch and j, with the tongue flat. Voiced to /d͡ʑ/ between vowels.
d͡ʑ	ㅈ (between vowels)	아주 ad͡ʑu very
t͡ɕʰ	ㅊ	차 t͡ɕʰa tea; car
t͡ɕ͈	ㅉ	짜다 t͡ɕ͈ada to be salty — Tense ㅈ.
s	ㅅ	사람 saɾam person — Slightly breathy. Before i and the y-vowels it is /ɕ/: 시 ɕi.
ɕ	ㅅ before i, y-vowels	시간 ɕiɡan time — The sh of Japanese shi, not the sh of English ship — tongue flat.
s͈	ㅆ	쌀 s͈al uncooked rice — Tense s: longer, harder, no breath. 살 sal 'flesh; to live' against 쌀 s͈al 'rice'.
h	ㅎ	하나 hana one — Often faint between vowels (좋아 t͡ɕoa has none left). Merges with a following plain stop into an aspirate: 좋다 t͡ɕotʰa.
m	ㅁ	물 mul water
n	ㄴ	나 na I (plain)
ŋ	ㅇ (final)	강 kaŋ river — ㅇ is /ŋ/ at the END of a syllable and silent at the start — a placeholder that lets a vowel have a block to itself (아, 이, 오).
ɾ	ㄹ (initial, between vowels)	우리 uɾi we; our — A tap, like Spanish single r or the t in American 'water'.
l	ㄹ (final), ㄹㄹ	달 tal moon — The same letter is /l/ at the end of a syllable and /ll/ when doubled (몰라 molla). ㄴ next to ㄹ becomes ㄹ too: 신라 ɕilla.
j	ㅑ ㅕ ㅛ ㅠ ㅒ ㅖ (the y-)	여자 jʌd͡ʑa woman — The y-vowels are a glide plus the plain vowel: ㅕ = j + ʌ. The extra stroke on the letter is the glide.
w	ㅘ ㅝ ㅙ ㅞ ㅚ ㅟ (the w-)	왜 we why — The w-vowels are written as two vowel letters stacked: ㅘ = ㅗ + ㅏ. ㅚ and ㅙ and ㅞ have all become /we/.

Voyelles

IPA	Spelled	Example
a	ㅏ	나라 naɾa country
ʌ	ㅓ	서울 sʌul Seoul — An unrounded open o — the vowel of English 'cut' but further back. Romanised eo, which misleads everyone; it is one vowel.
o	ㅗ	오늘 onɯl today — Rounded, closed. Keep it apart from ㅓ: 손 son 'hand' against 선 sʌn 'line'.
u	ㅜ	우유 uju milk
ɯ	ㅡ	그 kɯ that; he — Say /u/ and spread the lips. Romanised eu. The same vowel as Japanese u and Vietnamese ư.
i	ㅣ	이 i this; two; tooth
e	ㅔ, ㅐ	네 ne yes — Two letters, one sound: ㅐ was the more open of the pair and Seoul has merged them. 개 'dog' and 게 'crab' are now homophones, and the spelling is memorised.

Les règles, dans l'ordre

108 règles. La colonne de gauche est un motif (expression régulière) testé à la position courante dans le mot ; (?=…) regarde devant, (?<=…) regarde derrière, $ est la fin du mot.

#	Pattern	Sound	Why
1	`ᆭ(?=ᄋ)`	n	ㄶ before a vowel: the ㅎ is silent, the ㄴ moves on (많아 mana)
2	`ᆶ(?=ᄋ)`	ɾ	ㅀ before a vowel: the ㅎ is silent, the ㄹ moves on as a tap (싫어 ɕiɾʌ)
3	`ᆰ(?=ᄋ)`	lɡ	ㄺ before a vowel: ㄹ stays, ㄱ moves on (읽어 ilɡʌ)
4	`ᆱ(?=ᄋ)`	lm
5	`ᆲ(?=ᄋ)`	lb
6	`ᆹ(?=ᄋ)`	ps	ㅄ before a vowel: both consonants are said (없어 ʌpsʌ)
7	`ᆬ(?=ᄋ)`	nd͡ʑ
8	`ᆪ(?=ᄋ)`	ks
9	`ᆮ(?=이)`	d͡ʑ	palatalisation: ㄷ + 이 is said 지 (굳이 kud͡ʑi)
10	`ᇀ(?=이)`	t͡ɕʰ	palatalisation: ㅌ + 이 is said 치 (같이 kat͡ɕʰi)
11	`ᇂ(?=ᄋ)`	∅	final ㅎ before a vowel is silent (좋아 t͡ɕoa)
12	`ᆨ(?=ᄋ)`	ɡ	liaison: a final consonant moves onto a following vowel, voiced (국이 kuɡi)
13	`ᆩ(?=ᄋ)`	k͈
14	`ᆿ(?=ᄋ)`	kʰ	liaison keeps the letter's full value (부엌에 puʌkʰe)
15	`ᆮ(?=ᄋ)`	d
16	`ᇀ(?=ᄋ)`	tʰ
17	`ᆺ(?=ᄋ[ᅵᅣᅧᅭᅲᅨᅤᅱ])`	ɕ	liaison: ㅅ before 이 is ɕ (옷이 oɕi)
18	`ᆺ(?=ᄋ)`	s
19	`ᆻ(?=ᄋ)`	s͈
20	`ᆽ(?=ᄋ)`	d͡ʑ
21	`ᆾ(?=ᄋ)`	t͡ɕʰ	liaison keeps the letter's full value (꽃이 k͈ot͡ɕʰi)
22	`ᆸ(?=ᄋ)`	b	liaison, voiced (밥이 pabi)
23	`ᇁ(?=ᄋ)`	pʰ
24	`ᆯ(?=ᄋ)`	ɾ	final ㄹ before a vowel becomes the tap (물이 muɾi)
25	`ᇂ(?=[ᄀᄃᄌᄇ])`	∅	final ㅎ + plain stop = one aspirated stop (좋다 t͡ɕotʰa)
26	`ᇂ(?=ᄉ)`	∅	final ㅎ + ㅅ = tense ㅆ (좋습니다 t͡ɕos͈ɯmnida)
27	`ᇂ(?=ᄂ)`	n	final ㅎ before ㄴ is said ㄴ (놓는 nonnɯn)
28	`ᆭ(?=[ᄀᄃᄌᄇ])`	n	ㄶ + plain stop: the ㅎ aspirates the stop (많다 mantʰa)
29	`ᆶ(?=[ᄀᄃᄌᄇ])`	l	ㅀ + plain stop: the ㅎ aspirates the stop (싫다 ɕiltʰa)
30	`(?<=ᇂ\|ᆭ\|ᆶ)ᄀ`	kʰ	aspirated by the ㅎ before it
31	`(?<=ᇂ\|ᆭ\|ᆶ)ᄃ`	tʰ	aspirated by the ㅎ before it
32	`(?<=ᇂ\|ᆭ\|ᆶ)ᄌ`	t͡ɕʰ	aspirated by the ㅎ before it
33	`(?<=ᇂ\|ᆭ\|ᆶ)ᄇ`	pʰ	aspirated by the ㅎ before it
34	`(?<=ᇂ)ᄉ`	s͈	tensed by the ㅎ before it
35	`[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰ](?=ᄒ)`	∅	final ㄱ + ㅎ = one aspirated ㅋ (축하 t͡ɕʰukʰa)
36	`[ᆸᇁᆹᆵ](?=ᄒ)`	∅	final ㅂ + ㅎ = one aspirated ㅍ (입학 ipʰak)
37	`[ᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᇂ](?=ᄒ)`	∅	final ㄷ/ㅅ/ㅈ + ㅎ = one aspirated ㅌ (못해 motʰe)
38	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰ])ᄒ`	kʰ	the ㅎ absorbed the stop before it
39	`(?<=[ᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄒ`	pʰ	the ㅎ absorbed the stop before it
40	`(?<=[ᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᇂ])ᄒ`	tʰ	the ㅎ absorbed the stop before it
41	`[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰ](?=[ᄂᄆ]\|ᄅ)`	ŋ	a stop before a nasal becomes the nasal at the same place: ㄱ → ㅇ (국물 kuŋmul)
42	`[ᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᇂ](?=[ᄂᄆ]\|ᄅ)`	n	ㄷ ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅌ before a nasal → ㄴ (있는 innɯn)
43	`[ᆸᇁᆹᆵ](?=[ᄂᄆ]\|ᄅ)`	m	ㅂ before a nasal → ㅁ (합니다 hamnida)
44	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ]\|ᆷ\|ᆼ)ᄅ`	n	ㄹ after a stop, ㅁ or ㅇ is said ㄴ (독립 toŋnip, 심리 ɕimni)
45	`ᆫ(?=ᄅ)`	l	ㄴ + ㄹ = ㄹㄹ (신라 ɕilla)
46	`(?<=ᆫ)ᄅ`	l	ㄴ + ㄹ = ㄹㄹ
47	`(?<=ᆯ)ᄂ`	l	ㄹ + ㄴ = ㄹㄹ (설날 sʌllal)
48	`(?<=ᆯ)ᄅ`	l	ㄹ + ㄹ = a long l, not a tap (몰라 molla)
49	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄀ`	k͈	a plain consonant after a stop is TENSE (학교 hakk͈jo)
50	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄃ`	t͈	tensed by the stop before it (닫다 tatt͈a)
51	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄇ`	p͈	tensed by the stop before it (입구 ipk͈u)
52	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄉ(?=[ᅵᅣᅧᅭᅲᅨᅤᅱ])`	ɕ͈	tensed by the stop before it
53	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄉ`	s͈	tensed by the stop before it (학생 haks͈eŋ)
54	`(?<=[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᆸᇁᆹᆵ])ᄌ`	t͡ɕ͈	tensed by the stop before it (맥주 mekt͡ɕ͈u)
55	`[ᆨᆩᆿᆪᆰ]`	k	final ㄱ ㄲ ㅋ ㄳ ㄺ: an unreleased k
56	`[ᆫᆬᆭ]`	n
57	`[ᆮᆺᆻᆽᆾᇀᇂ]`	t	final ㄷ ㅅ ㅆ ㅈ ㅊ ㅌ ㅎ: ALL an unreleased t (옷 낮 꽃 밭)
58	`[ᆯᆲᆳᆴᆶ]`	l	final ㄹ (and ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㅀ): l
59	`[ᆷᆱ]`	m
60	`[ᆸᇁᆹᆵ]`	p	final ㅂ ㅍ ㅄ ㄿ: an unreleased p
61	`ᆼ`	ŋ	ㅇ at the end of a syllable is ng
62	`(?<=[ᅡ-ᅵᆫᆯᆷᆼᆬᆭᆱᆲᆶ])ᄀ`	ɡ	plain ㄱ is voiced between voiced sounds
63	`(?<=[ᅡ-ᅵᆫᆯᆷᆼᆬᆭᆱᆲᆶ])ᄃ`	d	plain ㄷ is voiced between voiced sounds
64	`(?<=[ᅡ-ᅵᆫᆯᆷᆼᆬᆭᆱᆲᆶ])ᄇ`	b	plain ㅂ is voiced between voiced sounds
65	`(?<=[ᅡ-ᅵᆫᆯᆷᆼᆬᆭᆱᆲᆶ])ᄌ`	d͡ʑ	plain ㅈ is voiced between voiced sounds
66	`ᄀ`	k	plain ㄱ at the start of a word: voiceless, a light puff
67	`ᄁ`	k͈	ㄲ: tense
68	`ᄂ`	n
69	`ᄃ`	t	plain ㄷ at the start of a word: voiceless
70	`ᄄ`	t͈	ㄸ: tense
71	`ᄅ`	ɾ	ㄹ before a vowel is a tap
72	`ᄆ`	m
73	`ᄇ`	p	plain ㅂ at the start of a word: voiceless
74	`ᄈ`	p͈	ㅃ: tense
75	`ᄉ(?=[ᅵᅣᅧᅭᅲᅨᅤᅱ])`	ɕ	ㅅ before i or a y-vowel is ɕ (시 ɕi)
76	`ᄉ`	s
77	`ᄊ(?=[ᅵᅣᅧᅭᅲᅨᅤᅱ])`	ɕ͈	ㅆ before i: tense ɕ
78	`ᄊ`	s͈	ㅆ: tense s
79	`ᄋ`	∅	ㅇ at the start of a syllable is silent — a placeholder for the vowel
80	`ᄌ`	t͡ɕ	plain ㅈ at the start of a word
81	`ᄍ`	t͡ɕ͈	ㅉ: tense
82	`ᄎ`	t͡ɕʰ	ㅊ: aspirated
83	`ᄏ`	kʰ	ㅋ: aspirated
84	`ᄐ`	tʰ	ㅌ: aspirated
85	`ᄑ`	pʰ	ㅍ: aspirated
86	`ᄒ`	h
87	`(?<=^ᄋ\| ᄋ)ᅴ`	ɯi	ㅢ at the start of a word: ɯ + i (의사 ɯisa)
88	`ᅴ`	i	ㅢ after a consonant, or later in a word, is just i (희망 himaŋ, 거의 kʌi)
89	`ᅡ`	a
90	`ᅢ`	e	ㅐ = ㅔ for Seoul speakers
91	`ᅣ`	ja
92	`ᅤ`	je
93	`ᅥ`	ʌ	ㅓ: an unrounded o (romanised eo)
94	`ᅦ`	e
95	`ᅧ`	jʌ
96	`ᅨ`	je
97	`ᅩ`	o
98	`ᅪ`	wa
99	`ᅫ`	we
100	`ᅬ`	we	ㅚ is said we
101	`ᅭ`	jo
102	`ᅮ`	u
103	`ᅯ`	wʌ
104	`ᅰ`	we
105	`ᅱ`	wi
106	`ᅲ`	ju
107	`ᅳ`	ɯ	ㅡ: u with the lips spread (romanised eu)
108	`ᅵ`	i